![]() ![]() We statistically analyzed the obtained data using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a level of significance of 0.05. These properties were determined as a function of the DGE-waste powder percentage using a high-temperature oven at different temperatures (200 ☌, 400 ☌, 600 ☌, and 800 ☌), whose mechanical behavior at high temperatures has not been extensively studied. The thermophysical properties, such as thermal conductivity, were experimentally measured in dry states. The DGE-waste powder and four of the five samples were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The dune sand was partially substituted (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % in weight) with DGE-waste powder with a w/c ratio of 0.6. The aim of this paper is to study new refractory mortar products containing DGE-waste to reduce the demand for conventional mortars while providing a new sustainable waste management solution. The refractory mortar examined in this work incorporates amounts of fine addition of liquid crystal display glass electronic waste (DGE-waste) in order to optimize the thermophysical and mechanical performance of the mortar and correct the granular distribution of the used sand. We will discuss about special purpose oscilloscopes in next chapter.The characteristics of vast dune sands in southern Algeria create the potential for exploitation in high-temperature resistance performances for refractory mortar manufacturing used in building construction. Step2 − Take reciprocal of Time period of periodic signal, which is obtained in Step1 Step1 − Find the Time period of periodic signal So, we can find the frequency, f of a periodic signal by following these two steps. The frequency, f of a periodic signal is the reciprocal of time period, T. $n_$ is the number of divisions that cover one complete cycle of the periodic signal in horizontal direction. Therefore, we will get the amplitude of the signal, which is present on the screen of CRO by using following formula. The amplitude of that voltage signal is constant, but we can vary the number of divisions that cover the voltage signal in vertical direction by varying volt/division knob on the CRO panel. Measurement of AmplitudeĬRO displays the voltage signal as a function of time on its screen. Now, let us discuss about these measurements one by one. We can do the following measurements by using CRO. So, we can analyse the signals in time domain by using CRO Measurements by using CRO In this way, CRO will display the applied input signal on the screen of CRT. Finally, the deflected beam will appear as a spot on the fluorescent screen. The electron beam, which is produced by an electron gun gets deflected in both vertical and horizontal directions by a pair of vertical deflection plates and a pair of horizontal deflection plates respectively. Those are electron gun, vertical deflection plates, horizontal deflection plates and fluorescent screen. The negative high voltage and positive low voltage are applied to CRT and other circuits respectively.Ĭathode Ray Tube (CRT) − It is the major important block of CRO and mainly consists of four parts. Power supply − It produces both high and low voltages. Horizontal Amplifier − It amplifies the sawtooth signal and then connects it to the horizontal deflection plates of CRT. Time base Generator − It produces a sawtooth signal, which is useful for horizontal deflection of electron beam. Trigger Circuit − It produces a triggering signal in order to synchronize both horizontal and vertical deflections of electron beam. This delayed signal is then applied to vertical deflection plates of CRT. Vertical Amplifier − It amplifies the input signal, which is to be displayed on the screen of CRT.ĭelay Line − It provides some amount of delay to the signal, which is obtained at the output of vertical amplifier. ![]() The function of each block of CRO is mentioned below. The block diagram of CRO is shown in below figure. ![]() Those are vertical amplifier, delay line, trigger circuit, time base generator, horizontal amplifier, Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) & power supply. Block Diagram of CROĬathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) consists a set of blocks. In this chapter, let us discuss about the block diagram of CRO and measurements of some parameters by using CRO. ![]() Among the oscilloscopes, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is the basic one and it displays a time varying signal or waveform. Oscilloscope is an electronic equipment, which displays a voltage waveform. ![]()
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